Secondary renal damage is common in envenoming by many venomous snake species,
but a few species have direct nephrotoxins.
Snakes considered to potentially cause renal damage through direct nephrotoxins
or related mechanisms (this excludes those causing renal damage through the
secondary mechanisms of shock, myolysis or coagulopathy).
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listed on this site. However, we cannot access every published paper of potential relevance,
either because they are not available to us or are in a language we cannot translate internally.
Equally, we cannot list knowledge which is not yet reported or known. It should not be assumed
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